Fifth Disease (erythema infectiosum, parvovirus B19 infections)
Translations
What is fifth disease?
Fifth disease is a viral infection which often affects red blood cells. It is caused by a human parvovirus (B19). People cannot be infected with parvoviruses that infect animals.
For many years, fifth disease was viewed as an unimportant rash illness of children. Recently, studies have shown that the virus may be responsible for serious complications in certain individuals, such as those with sickle-cell disease or similar types of chronic anemia.
Who gets fifth disease?
Anyone can be infected, but the disease occurs more often in elementary school-age children than adults.
How is the virus spread?
The virus is spread by exposure to airborne droplets from the nose and throat of infected people.
What are the symptoms and when do they appear?
Symptoms may include fever, muscle aches, headache, cough, sore throat, rashes or joint pain. These symptoms may appear before a red rash on the face referred to as "slapped cheek" appears. The rash may then extend to the body and tends to fade and reappear. Sometimes, the rash looks lacy and may be itchy. Some people may have no symptoms at all.
When and for how long is a person able to spread the disease?
People with fifth disease appear to be contagious during the week prior to the appearance of the rash. By the time the rash is evident, the person is probably beyond the contagious period. People who are immunosuppressed or who have certain anemias may be contagious for a longer period.
How is fifth disease diagnosed?
In most cases, the disease is diagnosed based on the appearance of typical symptoms. A specific blood test to confirm the diagnosis is also available.
Does past infection with the virus make a person immune?
It is thought that people who have been previously infected acquire long-term or lifelong immunity. Studies have shown that more than 50 percent of adults are immune to parvovirus B19.
What is the treatment?
There is no specific treatment for fifth disease.
What are the complications associated with fifth disease?
While there is no evidence that parvovirus B19 infection is a significant cause of birth defects, infections during the first half of pregnancy may increase risk of miscarriage or anemia in your baby. In people with weakened immune systems or chronic red blood cell disorders, such as sickle cell disease, infection may result in severe anemia. Infection has also been associated with arthritis in adults.
What can be done to prevent the spread of fifth disease?
Measures to effectively control fifth disease have not been developed yet. Spread of fifth disease and other germs can be lowered by practicing good hand and "respiratory etiquette". During outbreaks in schools, pregnant school employees and people with chronic red blood cell disorders should consult their physician and the local health department for advice.
What should I do if I am exposed to a child with fifth disease during my pregnancy?
If you are exposed to a case or develop symptoms of fifth disease while pregnant, you should consult your doctor. Blood testing is available to determine if you are already immune or infected with parvovirus B19.
Where can I call for additional information regarding fifth disease and pregnancy?
In addition to your doctor, you can get information from your local health department or the New York State Department of Health Growing Up Healthy Hotline at (800) 522-5006.
